PHY: Known as physical layer device.

POF: Plastic optical fiber.

Port: Connection point.

PTO: Public telecommunication operators.

RFI: Radio frequency interface.

SONET: Synchronous optical network.

TDM: Time division multiplexing.

Trunk: Circuit that connects two switching centers.

X Band: Frequency ranges between 8.0 to 8.4 GHz

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Basic Introduction

• STEP 1: Router: A router relays the data between your computers and your internet connection.

• STEP 2: Network Adapter: A Network Adapter or NIC card is connected to each computer and it is used to send the data to each every computer and the router.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Basic Introduction

STEP 3: IP Address (Internet Protocol) is your computer’s unique identification on the computer network and over the internet. In your home network and a small network of a company all the computers share the same IP address over the internet.


STEP 4: Print Server A print server is a specialized network adapter that is used to connect the printer machine to a network and with the print server several computers in a network share the same printer or print device.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Choose a Right Network Type

• STEP 1: Connecting your computer wirelessly over the radio waves is carried out by a specialized router called an access point. One access point is enough for networking an averaged sized home. The trade name of this technology is Wi-Fi or 802.11b. One important thing is that all the Wi-Fi products should be compatible with each other. Wireless communication is important for the people who go from room to room with their wireless laptops or they want to use their laptops in airports, hotels, cafes and other places where wireless service is available.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Choose a Right Network Type


STEP 2: Next you use your home’s wiring to connect the router to each computer with a powerline network. HomePlug is the trade name of this technology. It is seen that HomePlug networks are more secure than the Wi-Fi. But as compared to the Wi-Fi it is a new technology and is more expensive than Wi-Fi technology.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Choose a Right Network Type

STEP 3: Hook up with the Ethernet 10-Base-T or 100-Base-7. Ethernet is the best choice if your router, broadband internet connection and all the computers all in one room. Due to the cabling, involved in the Ethernet, it’s less flexible than the others

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Buying Equipment Instructions

• STEP 1: First of all get one router and if you want to go wireless this router will called an access point.

• STEP 2: Next get compatible NIC cards for each computer and plug them into the computer’s universal serial bus (USB

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Buying Equipment Instructions

STEP 3: If you are using a wired network the purchased extra long CAT 5 Ethernet cables.

STEP 4: Next buy a print server if you want to put a printer in your home.
One important thing to note is that all the hardware should be compatible with each other.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

General Tips

In summary you should look for these things for installing a home network such as Router or access point, Ethernet cables, NIC adapter, Print Server and the technical support from the vendor or a useful website or forum on the internet. Hybrid networks have many advantages and so they are very popular. For example, you can have Ethernet going to a desktop computer and printer in your home office and additionally wireless router or access point for a roaming laptop and desktop computer in your bedroom.

Some cordless phones and the microwave ovens can interfere with a wireless communication. If you have any interference problems then move the access point and router and place them at some different positions

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A.Rajesh Khanna

General Tips

It is very important that when you setup your router for the first time at your home, change its password because every hacker on the internet can know the default password of a router. Additionally, while making the wireless connectivity you must enalbe the WEP to keep the information private and secure from the hackers.

Additionally, install some anti spyware, good anti virus software on your server and client machines in your computer network and regulary update Windows operating sytem through the Microsoft's website

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A.Rajesh Khanna

What is Network Routing

You will be able to find the basic network routing overview, router configuration, router working, simulations static routes and routing table. Routing is the process of defining routes for the packets to its destination through an internetwork and this is performed by the router.
Routing is consist of two separate tasks.

1. Defining paths for the packets through and internetwork.

2. Forwarding data packets based on their predefined paths.
Generally, there are two types of routing.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROUTING

Routing can be performed by manually defining the routes or paths for packets to reach its destination. This is called static routing.

Stating routing works well for the small networks and when using the static routing, the routing table of the each router should be updated each time there is any change in the network configuration or topology. A router, whose routing table is not regularly updated, cannot communicate with the other routers.

While on the other end in most of the networks, routing is accomplished through the use of the dynamic routing. In the dynamic routing, routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF etc create and maintain the routing tables of each router. Practically, dynamic routing functions very well than the static routing

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A.Rajesh Khanna

ROUTING TABLE

A routing table is a set or rules, viewed in a tabular format and this used to define the routes of the data packets. All the network devices, which have IP, enabled functionality such as routers and switches use the routing tables. Routing table stores the information and configurations of every router in the IP enabled network. A routing table contains the information necessary to transmit the packets toward its destination.

When a packet is received, the network devices matches the information contained in the packets and the information in the routing tables and then it defines the shortest possible route for the transmission of the packets towards its destination.

Each packet contains the information of its origin and destination and the routing table contains the following information.

• Destination: The IP address of the packet’s final destination (next hop). Next hop: The IP address to which the packet is forwarded

• Metric: It assigns the cost to each route so that most-effective paths can be picked up.

• Routes: It includes directly attached direct subnets, indirect subnets, that are not directly connected to the device but it can be accesses through one ore more hops

• Interface: The outgoing network interface the device should use when forwarding the packet to its final destination.

Routing tables can be maintained manually by the network administrator or by dynamically (automatically). The static network tables do not change unless the network administrator changes them. Routing tables can be maintained manually or dynamically. Tables for static network devices do not change unless a network administrator manually changes them. In the dynamic routing, the network devices such as routers and switches maintain the routing tables dynamically by using the routing protocols, such as RIP, OSPF etc. In the dynamic routing, the network devices listen and detect any network or devices failure and packet congestions.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Routing in the Internet

Routing is the method in which data finds its destination from one computer to the next. In the Internet there are 3 major aspects of routing.

1. Physical Address Finding

2. Determination of inter-network gateways

3. Numeric and symbolic Addresses

Physical address finding is the method of the Internet Routing and is used when datagram is transmitted from a computer. It is necessary to encapsulate the IP datagram. This encapsulation requires the local network or physical address.

If a computer wishes to transmit IP datagram it needs to encapsulate the physical address of the destination network device in the frame. This address can be achieved by using the table that will map the IP address with the physical address. Such table can be configured into a file that can be read into the memory at the boot up time. Computer normally uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which operates dynamically to maintain the translation table.

The second method is necessary because the Internet consists of a large number of local networks, which are interconnected with each other by gateways. Such gateways are known as routers, which has physical as well as logical connectivity with many networks.

The determination of the best suitable gateway and port for a particular IP address is called routing.

The third method generally involves the translation of the human friendly form (names) to the number address (IP Address). IP address can’t be remembered due to its numeric form but the simplest names (domain names) are easy to remember e.g Yahoo!, Google, MSN.com are easiest to remember as compared to the IP addresses 122.11.22.34, 223.45.66.76, 155.44.55.120. DNS translates the domain names into the IP address and IP address into the domain name. This domain to IP translation is a must for communicating on the Internet because communication on the Internet is performed by the IP addresses.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Communication between routers

The Internet is a network of networks. The Internet consists of large number of autonomous systems, each of which further consists of routing domains. Such autonomous systems are usually run by the larger companies or universities. Within the Autonomous system, a router communicates with the other router using the best intra domain routing protocols, which are known as interior gateway protocols. Autonomous system are connected via gateways, these exchange information using inter domain routing protocol, which are also called exterior gateway protocols.

The RIP or (Routing Information Protocol) is the commonest interior gateway protocol and the recent protocol such as open shortest path first (OSPF). The purpose of these protocols is to enable routers to exchange locally so that all the routers in the autonomous system must a have coherent and up to date information.

When a host receives the new routing information, it is likely to update not only to it but also sends this new updated information to all the connected hosts so that they can updated themselves. Hence these changes propagate across the entire network.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Speed up the Computer

1. Windows Defragmenter utility: You can use this utility by using this path Start > Programs > Accessories > System tools > Disk defragmenter. This is built-in utility in Windows operating systems and this will automatically analyze the empty disk space on the hard disk and defragment and all scattered files.


2. Shutdown Unnecessary programs: By using this path Start > Run > Msconfig > Startup, you can close all unwanted programs at the Windows startup and this will automatically increase the windows loading time and speed of the computer will also be increased.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Speed up the Computer



3. Increase RAM: By increasing the RAM in your system you can get exceptional fast speed of your computer.


4. Disk Cleanup: By using the disk clean up utility Start > Programs > Accessories > System tools > Disk clean up utility, you can delete unwanted programs and files from your computer and this will be helpful in increasing the speed.

5. Empty Recycle Bin: When you delete a file or a folder form your computer it first goes to the recycle bin and it covers the disk area of your C drive. It is imperative, to delete all the files and folders from the recycle bin and you will get the space of C drive for reusability.

6. Delete Temporary Files: Delete the temporary files and cookies from your computer to get the better speed. You can do this like Internet explorer > Tools > Internet options > Generals > Settings > View files > here you can delete all the temporary internet files.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

How to Troubleshoot the Computer?

Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting methods of your computer.

1. Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, first of you check it with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the component or not.

2. Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cables etc and make sure that all the cables are plugged in and working fine.

3. Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the device manager of the system and make all the device drivers and up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly.

4. Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred.
5. Event viewer: Use the event viewer utility by going to Start > Control panel > Administrative tools > Event viewer. In the event viewer you will find the error or warning messages associated with any faulty hardware or software.

6. Make notes: Troubleshooting is big learning option and we can learn a lot when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record that how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Data Recovery Tips

Accidental loss or deletion of the critical data of your organization can cause big problems for you and for your company. If you are a system administrator or a hardware technician and responsible for your company’s data, it is your duty to equip yourself with the great system restore and data recovery utilities and if you are empty handed and you encounter such problems, there can be big financial loss for your company in case of completely removal of data and wastage of precious time. Following are the few tips for recovering the lost data.

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A.Rajesh Khanna

Data Recovery Tips

1. Use some good data recovery utilities such as File recovery, Recovery My Files, R-tt and a free utility Handy Recovery.

2. If you are responsible for the data and system administrations, use backup tapes drives and regularly take backups of your server’s data.

3. Use UPS and diesel generators if power failure occurs regularly in your area because sudden shutdown can crash your server and other systems.

4. Make a clean humid and dust free environment for your server room

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A.Rajesh Khanna